Trends Sci. 2025; 22(11): 10557

Synthesis and Ameliorating the Morphological, Microstructure and Optical Features of PMMA-PEG/BaTiO₃ Nanostructures for Flexible Photonics and Optics Devices

Ahmed Hashim^1,*, Ghaith Ahmed², Najah M. L. Al Maimuri³,

Hamed Ibrahim⁴, Aseel Hadi⁵ and Dinesh Uthra⁶

¹Department of Physics, University of Babylon, College of Education for Pure Sciences, Babylon, Iraq

²Department of Anesthesia Techniques, Hilla University College, Babylon, Iraq

³Building and Construction Department, College of Engineering & Engineering Techniques, Al-Mustaqbal University, 51001, Babylon, Iraq

⁴Al-Zahraa University for Women, Kerbala, Iraq

⁵Department of Ceramic and Building Materials, College of Materials Engineering, University of Babylon,

Babylon, Iraq

⁶Department of Pure & Applied Physics, Guru Ghsaidas Vishwavidyalaya, Biaspur-Chhattisgarh, India

(^*Corresponding author’s e-mail: [email protected])

Received: 5 May 2025, Revised: 4 June 2025, Accepted: 11 June 2025, Published: 1 August 2025

Abstract

The polymer nanocomposites are important materials for many optical and electronic applications. This research aims to fabricate of barium titanate (BaTiO₃) NPs doped polyethylene glycol (PEG)-polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) to apply in various photonics and optical approaches. The (PEG-PMMA/BaTiO₃) films were coursed using the casting method. The microstructure and optical characteristics of (PEG-PMMA/BaTiO₃) films were investigated. The optical features results showed when the BaTiO₃ NPs content reached 5 wt.%, the transmission(T) was reduced whereas the absorption(A) was augmented. The energy gap (E_g) of the (PEG-PMMA) blend decreased from 2.5 to 1.9 eV with increasing BaTiO₃ NPs concentration to reach of 5 wt.% making the (PEG-PMMA/BaTiO₃) nanostructures are suitable for optical and optoelectronic nanodevices. The refractive index, real and imaginary dielectric constants, absorption coefficient, optical conductivity and extinction coefficient were improved with increasing BaTiO₃ NPs concentration. Finally, the obtained findings indicated that the (PEG-PMMA/BaTiO₃) nanostructures might be employed in a range of optical applications.

Keywords: Absorbance, BaTiO₃, Energy gap, Optoelectronics, PMMA, PEG

Introduction

In recent years, nanocomposites composed of practically all polymer systems have been used to improve one or more properties, with varying degrees of success. Polymers have inspired substantial interest in device manufacture due to their remarkable inherent properties such as ease of processing, flexibility, extraordinary strength, and so on. It is widely known that the optical and electrical features of polymers could be enhanced to a favorite boundary with appropriate

doping [1]. Polymers and organic substances have attracted a lot of consideration for their exceptional properties, which promise to build lightweight, flexible, friendly for ecologically, and cost-effective electrical gadgets [2-4]. Nanotechnology delivers an appropriate platform to adjust the physicochemical features of varied substances in an evaluation to their bulk equivalents, which could be utilized for bioapplications [5]. Nanotechnology is thus a very promising issue, and it is anticipated to radically reconstruct the technical applications in semiconductors, inorganic and organic materials, energy storage, and biology
[6-8]. Polyethylene glycol is commonly used for solid dispersions due to its short melting point, quick rate for solidification, ability to produce solid medication solutions, few toxicity, and few cost [9]. As a result, it is employed in a variety of fields, including clothing, textiles, rubber, wood, metal, medicines, coatings, and cosmetics [10]. PEG is also available in a variety of geometric shapes [11]. PMMA (polymethylmethacrylate) is a linear thermoplastic polymer. The glass transition temperature is 85 °C, whereas the melting point is 160 °C. PMMA provides outstanding mechanical strength, hardness, stiffness, transparency, and insulation [12]. Its refractive index ranges between 1.3 and 1.7, making it an excellent optical material. PMMA is a common organic optical material because to its lightweight, high strength under pressure, and shatter-resistant qualities. A replacement for inorganic glass [13]. PMMA was utilized as a matrix of various nanocomposites to apply in many applications [14-19]. The piezoelectric materials were employed in several applications [20-23]. The ecologically friendly synthesis of BaTiO₃ at the nanoscale level remains a major concern. BaTiO₃ is widely used in electrical devices because of its ferroelectric, and piezoelectric features in a tetragonal construction. Its optical features, predominantly the luminescence of the nanostructured substance, include attracted substantial interest. BaTiO₃ material is widely used in various approaches, including piezoelectric devices, extraordinary density optical data storage, and capacitors, [24-26]. BaTiO₃ was added into polymers to improve their optical and electrical properties [27-29]. The casting method was used to fabricate of nanocomposites [30-34]. The novelty of current work comprises production of (PEG-PMMA/BaTiO₃) nanostructures films have best optical characteristics with few cost and excellent flexibility compared with other nanostructures types.

Materials and methods

A casting procedure was used to create nanostructured films of barium titanate (BaTiO₃) doped polyethylene glycol (PEG), and polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA). The casting method is straightforward, cost-effective, and easy to fabricate. BaTiO₃ (50 nm, high purity (99.99%) was obtained as nanopowder form US Research Nanomaterials, Inc. To create a PEG-PMMA polymeric film, 1 g of PMMA and PEG were dissolving in the chloroform of 30 mL with 50 wt.% PMMA + 50 wt.% PEG by employing the magnetic stirrer for 1 h at room temperature. BaTiO₃ NPs were added to a PEG/PMMA solution at concentrations of 2.5% and 5%. Nanostructured films of BaTiO₃/PEG-PMMA made with thickness of 90 μm which was measured using digital micrometer. An optical microscope was used to analyze the distribution of BaTiO₃ NPs in the PEG/PMMA matrix. FTIR analysis for PEG-PMMA/BaTiO₃ films verified by FTIR (Bruker). The optical properties of BaTiO₃/PEG-PMMA nanostructured films were evaluated via a spectrophotometer (Shimadzu). The optical characteristics of BaTiO₃/PEG-PMMA nanostructures were investigated at wavelengths ranging from 280 - 880 nm. Figure 1 displays the experimental part diagram. The extinction coefficient (k) is defined by [35]:

where λ refers to the wavelength and (α) indicates to the coefficient of absorption. Coefficient of absorption is defined by [36]:

where A is absorbance and t is thickness. The refractive index(n) is given by[37]:

Figure 1 Diagram of experimental part.

Results and discussion

Figure 2 displays the analysis of FTIR for PEG-PMMA/BaTiO₃ films. PEG-PMMA spectra revealed peaks about (2934.96) cm⁻¹, showing stretching of asymmetric of the CH2 set linked with PMMA. Peak at (1722.55) cm⁻¹ from the car-bonyl C=O stretching vibration demonstrates the overlap of PMMA and PEG. The peaks at (1424.74) cm⁻¹ represent the
C-O sets in the blend matrix. Peaks at (1230.74) cm⁻¹ represent to the stretching of C-C-O in the set of ester. The CH2 sets at 1140.49 and 969.14 cm⁻¹ denote the bending and stretching modes of CH2. The FTIR curves of BaTiO₃ complexes reveal unique absorption peaks at (827.39 and 739.31) cm⁻¹, which indicate the existence of BaTiO₃ nanoparticles. Increased concentrations of BaTiO₃ NPs resulted in a modest decrease in transmittance, most likely due to the rise density of films [41-43].

Figure 2 FT-IR spectra (PEG-PMMA/BaTiO₃) nanocomposites.

Figure 3 displays the optical microscope image for (PEG-PMMA/BaTiO₃) films at (100x) for all films. This Figure depicts the dispersion of BaTiO₃ nanostructures inside a PEG-PMMA matrix. At low concentration, the nanoparticles form a clusters inside polymer matrix. With increasing the content of NPs provides a link of pathways inside the plastic matrix, permitting carriers of charges to travel across the nanocomposites films, resulting in a change in material characteristics [44-51].

Figure 3 Microscope images (10x) for (PEG-PMMA/BaTiO₃) nanocomposites.

Figure 4 demonstrates the absorption spectra of PEG-PMMA/BaTiO₃ films with photon wavelengths. The addition of BaTiO₃ to the (PEG-PMMA) blend shifted the edge of absorption to greater wavelengths. The absorption of the PEG-PMMA mix rises with increased BaTiO₃ NP content. Doping PEG-PMMA with BaTiO₃ NPs improved its absorption and increased molecular interactions between cations and anions, producing defects during the polymer. The shift in UV absorption revealed exchange interactions inside the host polymeric blend matrix. Furthermore, a slight shift in the absorption edge toward the great wavelength region indicates a narrowing of the optical band gap. The absence of an absorption band in the visible spectrum also indicates that the samples are transparent. PEG-PMMA/BaTiO3 nanocomposites exhibit high absorptivity at high photon energies, as these energies are sufficient to transfer electrons to high levels. The rise of absorbance with growing BaTiO₃ NPs ratio may be due to increase the charges carriers numbers [52-60].

Figure 4 Variation of absorbance for (PEG-PMMA/BaTiO₃) films with λ_ph.

Figure 5 shows the change in transmittance spectra of BaTiO3/PEG-PMMA films with varying photon wavelengths. The transmittance decreases with increasing BaTiO3 NPs content. BaTiO3 NPs absorb incident light photons, making electrons to transfer to higher levels of energy and occupy vacant regions in the energy bands. The reduce of transmittance with rising of BaTiO₃ related to rise of charges carriers [61-64].

Figure 5 Variation of transmittance for (PEG-PMMA/BaTiO₃) nanocomposites with wavelength.

Figure 6 illustrates how the coefficient of absorption for (PEG-PMMA/BaTiO₃) films varies with energy of photon. The absorption coefficient is low at low energy, suggesting that electron transmission is improbable due to insufficient energy from the input photon (hʋ<𝐸𝑔). Higher energy absorption means greater possibility of electrical transitions. The external photon has sufficient energy to transfer an electron from the valence to the conduction band, thus crossing the forbidden energy gap. The α of the (PEG-PMMA/BaTiO₃) films is less than 10⁴ cm⁻¹ at all contents. The α of the nanocomposite rises with increasing concentration of (BaTiO₃) nanoparticles. This is because the number of charge carriers has increased [65-68].

Figure 6 Variation of α for (PEG-PMMA/BaTiO₃) films with E_ph.

Figures 7 and 8 illustrate the band gap values ​​for the PEG-PEG/BaTiO₃ films for the allowed and forbidden transitions, respectively. The band gap for the allowed and forbidden transitions was determined at r = 2 and r = 3, respectively. Increasing the concentration of BaTiO₃ nanoparticles reduces the optical band gap. With higher BaTiO₃ NPs loading, the formation of on-site levels in the band gap causes electrons to move from the valence band to the localized levels to the conduction band in 2 stages. Increasing the barium titanate NPs provides electron channels in the polymer, allowing electrons to pass from the valence band to the conduction band, leading to a reduction in the optical band gap. The values of the energy gap for (PEG-PMMA/BaTiO₃) films are reduced with a rise in the BaTiO₃ nanoparticles ratio owing to form of charges transfer complexes between the functional groups of polymer and the atoms of nanoparticles. The embedded BaTiO₃ nanoparticles form an intermediate band among the polymer structure and thus decrease the energy gap of nanostructure films. The reduction of the values of the (E_g) is assumed to rise with a degree of disturbance to generate the localized state in the nanostructures, as the BaTiO₃ nanoparticles produce energy levels in the band gap in the polymer matrix, leading to decline of the energy gap (E_g) [69-80]. These results are agree with [81-85].

Figure 7 Behavior of (αhv)^1/2 for (PEG-PMMA/BaTiO₃) films with E_ph.

Figure 8 Behavior of (αhʋ)^1/3 for (PEG-PMMA/BaTiO₃) films with E_ph.

The extinction coefficient of (PEG-PMMA/BaTiO₃) films as a function of wavelength is represented in Figure 9. The k is a measure of the amount of absorption loss produced by electromagnetic waves dispersing as they travel through material. As photon energy rises, the extinction coefficient falls, suggesting that more light is lost by scattering and absorption. Furthermore, when the E_ph rises, the factor of loss reduces. Because BaTiO₃ NPS absorbs photons. Nanocomposites with larger concentrations of BaTiO₃ nanoparticles display better attenuation coefficients because of amended absorption and dispersion of photon in the matrix of polymer [86-88].

Figure 9 Variation of k for (PEG-PMMA/BaTiO₃) films with λ_ph.

Figure 10 depicts the difference of refractive index with wavelength for (PEG-PMMA/BaTiO₃) nanocomposites. The n values of PEG-PMMA blend are rise with growing BaTiO₃ nanoparticles concentration. The n for (PEG-PMMA/BaTiO₃) films reduced with increasing wavelength. The increase of BaTiO₃ concentration leads to increase the density in nanocomposites, which explains the observed effect. At high photon energy, the absorbance for (PEG-PEG/BaTiO₃) nanocomposites is higher, hence the reflectance is low leads to lower values of n. The concentration of 5 wt.% has high reflectance at VIS and NIR regions, hence its included higher values of n. The increase demonstrates faster radiation of electromagnetic transitory during the substance at low photon energy levels [89-95].

Figure 10 Variation of n for (PEG-PMMA/BaTiO₃) films with λ_ph.

Figures 11 and 12 illustrate the performance of the real and imaginary dielectric constant with wavelength for PEG-PMMA/BaTiO₃ nanocomposites. As the content of BaTiO₃ NPs increases, both the ε₁ and ε₂ of PEG-PMMA increase. The addition of BaTiO₃ NPs increases the electric polarization, resulting in a higher dielectric constant of the PEG-PMMA blend and a partial increase in the polymer charges. The figures also illustrate how the dielectric constant of the PEG-PMMA/BaTiO₃ nanocomposite changes with rising wavelength. This is due to the effect of the n values on the ε₁. The k affects the ε₂, especially at wavelengths (380 - 880 nm), where the n values remains constant but k increases with wavelength [96-101].

Figure 11 Performance of ε₁ for (PEG-PMMA/BaTiO₃) films with λ_ph.

Figure 12 Behavior of ε₂ for (PEG-PMMA/BaTiO₃) films with λ_ph.

Figure 13 shows the variation of the photoconductivity of the PEG-PMMA/BaTiO3 nanocomposites with photon wavelength. The figure shows a decrease in the photoconductivity of the PEG-PMMA/BaTiO₃ nanocomposites with increasing wavelength. The nanocomposite samples exhibit better photoconductivity at lower photon wavelengths, due to increased absorption resulting from excitation charge transfer. The addition of BaTiO₃ nanoparticles improved the photoconductivity by producing localized levels in the energy gap, resulting in an increased concentration of BaTiO₃ NPs. The number of nanoparticles increases the density of localized states within the band structure [102-106].

Figure 13 Variation of optical conductivity for (PEG-PMMA/BaTiO₃) nanocomposites with wavelength.

Conclusions

This study included fabrication of BaTiO₃/PEG/PMMA nanostructures for nanoelectronics and photonics applications including photovoltaic cells, optical devices, sensors, and electrical gates. The morphology and optical properties of BaTiO₃/PEG/PMMA nanostructures were investigated. The results showed that the raising of (BaTiO₃) NPs ratio to 5 wt.% leads to improve of (PEG-PMMA) absorption while transmission reduces with increasing BaTiO₃ content. The PEG-PMMA/BaTiO₃ nanostructures exhibit excellent photon energy absorption at UV-spectra making them appropriate for use in optoelectronic nanodevices. The energy gap (E_g) of the (PEG-PMMA) blend decreased from 2.5 to 1.9 eV with increasing BaTiO₃ NPs concentration to reach of 5 wt.% making the (PEG-PMMA/BaTiO₃) nanostructures important for optical and optoelectronic nanodevices. The other optical parameters increased with increasing BaTiO₃ NPs concentration. Finally, the obtained results indicated that the (PEG-PMMA/BaTiO₃) nanostructures might be employed in a range of nanoelectronics applications.

Acknowledgements

Acknowledgment to the University of Babylon, Iraq.

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[69] LH Gaabour. Analysis of spectroscopic, optical and magnetic behaviour of PVDF/PMMA blend embedded by magnetite (Fe3O4) nanoparticles. Optics and Photonics Journal 2020; 10, 197-209.

[70] H Ahmed and A Hashim. Design of polymer/lithium fluoride new structure for renewable and electronics applications. Transactions on Electrical and Electronic Materials 2022; 23, 237-246.

[71] H Ahmed and A Hashim. Design and tailoring the optical and electronic characteristics of silicon doped PS/SnS₂ new composites for nano-semiconductors devices. Silicon 2022; 14, 6637-6643.

[72] H Ahmed and A Hashim. Design and tailoring the optical and electronic characteristics of PS/ZnS/SiBr₄ new structures for electronics nanodevices. Silicon 2023; 15, 83-91.

[73] H Ahmed and A Hashim. Design and tailoring the structural and spectroscopic characteristics of Sb₂S₃ nanostructures doped PMMA for flexible nanoelectronics and optical fields. Optical and Quantum Electronics 2023; 55, 280.

[74] H Ahmed and A Hashim. Tunable spectroscopic, electronic and thermal characteristics of PS/Nb₅Si₃/ZnS nanostructures for optics and potential nanodevices. Optical and Quantum Electronics 2023; 55, 9.

[75] H Ahmed and A Hashim. Tuning the characteristics of novel (PVA-Li-Si₃N₄) structures for renewable and electronics fields. Silicon 2022; 14, 4079-4086.

[76] A Hadi and A Hashim. Development of a new humidity sensor based on (Carboxymethyl Cellulose-Starch) blend with copper oxide nanoparticles. Ukrainian Journal of Physics 2017; 62(12), 1044-1049.

[77] H Ahmed and A Hashim. Exploring the design, optical and electronic characteristics of silicon doped (PS-B) new structures for electronics and renewable approaches. Silicon 2022; 14, 7025-7032.

[78] H Ahmed and A Hashim. Exploring the characteristics of new structure based on silicon doped organic blend for photonics and electronics applications. Silicon 2022; 14, 7025-7032.

[79] H Ahmed and A Hashim. Design and exploring the structure, optical and electronic characteristics of silicon doped PS/MoS₂ structures for electronics Nanodevices. Optical and Quantum Electronics 2022; 54, 403.

[80] H Ahmed and A Hashim. Tuning the spectroscopic and electronic characteristics of ZnS/SiC nanostructures doped organic material for optical and nanoelectronics fields. Silicon 2023; 15, 2339-2348.

[81] HM Shanshool, M Yahaya, WMM Yunus and IY Abdullah. Investigation of energy band gap in Polymer/ZnO nanocomposites. Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics 2016; 27, 9804-9811.

[82] H Naser, SM Mohammad, HM Shanshool, Z Hassan, AMA Abbas and S Rajamanickam. Bimetallic impact on the energy band gap of the polymers PS, PMMA, and PVA nanocomposites. Optical and Quantum Electronics 2024; 56, 897.

[83] H Naser, SM Mohammad, HM Shanshool, Z Hassan, AMA Abbas and S Rajamanickam. Evaluation and analyzing the linear optical properties of Polymer/Al-Ag-ZnO nanocomposites. Plasmonics 2024; 19, 3043-3058.

[84] H Naser, HM Shanshool, SM Mohammad, Z Hassan, AMA Abbas, SM Abed and AA Sifawa. The Role of the polymer matrix on the energy band gap of nanocomposites of aluminium, silver and zinc oxide. Plasmonics 2025; 20, 543-557.

[85] H Naser, HM Shanshool, SM Mohammad, Z Hassan, AMA Abbas, SM Abed and AA Sifawa. Optical properties of polymers mixed with zinc oxide, silver, and aluminum nanoparticles. Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics 2024; 35, 1582.

[86] PP Sahay, RK Nath and S Tewari. Optical properties of thermally evaporated CdS thin films. Crystal Research and Technology 2007; 42(3), 275-280.

[87] A Hashim, KHH Al-Attiyah and S Fadhil. Fabrication of novel (Biopolymer Blend-Lead Oxide Nanoparticles) nanocomposites: Structural and optical properties for low cost nuclear radiation shielding. Ukrainian Journal of Physics 2019; 64(2), 157-163.

[88] HB Hassan, A Hashim and HM Abduljalil. Tailoring structural, optical characteristics of CuO/In₂O₃ nanoparticles-doped organic material for photodegradation of dyes pollutants. Polymer Bulletin 2023; 80, 9059-9075.

[89] TS Soliman and SA Vshivkov. Effect of Fe nanoparticles on the structure and optical properties of polyvinyl alcohol nanocomposite films. Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids 2019; 519, 119452.

[90] A Hashim, A Hadi, H Ibrahim and FL Rashid. Fabrication and boosting the morphological and optical properties of PVP/SiC/Ti nanosystems for tailored renewable energies and nanoelectronics fields. Journal of Inorganic and Organometallic Polymers and Materials 2024; 34, 1678-1688.

[91] HAJ Hussien and A Hashim. Fabrication and analysis of PVA/TiC/SiC hybrid nanostructures for nanoelectronics and optics applications. Journal of Inorganic and Organometallic Polymers and Materials 2024; 34, 2716-2727.

[92] A Hashim. Synthesis of SiO₂/CoFe₂O₄ nanoparticles doped CMC: Exploring the morphology and optical characteristics for photodegradation of organic dyes. Journal of Inorganic and Organometallic Polymers and Materials 2021; 31, 2483-2491.

[93] A Hashim, H Ibrahim, FL Rashid and A Hadi. Synthesis and augmented morphological and optical properties of Si₃N₄-TiN inorganic nanostructures doped PVP for promising optoelectronics applications. Journal of Inorganic and Organometallic Polymers and Materials 2025; 35, 827-837.

[94] A Hashim and A Jassim. Novel of (PVA-ST-PbO₂) bio nanocomposites: Preparation and properties for humidity sensors and radiation shielding applications. Sensor Letters 2017; 15(12), 1003-1009.

[95] Q Aljubouri, A Hashim and MA Habeeb. Fabrication, structural and optical properties for (Polyvinyl Alcohol-Polyethylene Oxide-Iron Oxide) nanocomposites. Egyptian Journal of Chemistry 2020; 63(2), 611-623.

[96] OG Abdullah, SB Aziz, KM Omer and YM Salih. Reducing the optical band gap of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) based nanocomposite. Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics 2015; 26, 5303-5309.

[97] MJ Deka, U Baruah and D Chowdhury. Insight into electrical conductivity of graphene and functionalized graphene: Role of lateral dimension of graphene sheet. Materials Chemistry and Physics 2015; 163, 236e244.

[98] HAJ Hussien, RG Kadhim and A Hashim. Investigating the low cost photodegradation performance against organic Pollutants using CeO₂/MnO₂/ polymer blend nanostructures. Optical and Quantum Electronics 2022; 54, 704.

[99] HAJ Hussien, RG Kadhim and A Hashim. Tuning the optical characteristics of SiO₂/MnO₂ nanostructures doped organic blend for photodegradation of organic dyes. Optical and Quantum Electronics 2021; 53, 501.

[100] HB Hassan, A Hashim and HM Abduljalil. Synthesis, structural and optical characteristics of PEO/NiO/In₂O₃ hybrid nanomaterials for photodegradation of pollutants from wastewater. Optical and Quantum Electronics 2023; 55, 556.

[101] HAJ Hussien, RG Kadhim and A Hashim. Augmented structural and optical characteristics of SnO₂/MnO₂-doped PEO/PVP blend for photodegradation against organic pollutants. Polymer Bulletin 2022; 79, 5219-5234.

[102] A Kareem, A Hashim and HB Hassan. Synthesis and boosting the morphological, structural and optical features of PEO/Si₃N₄/CeO₂ promising nanocomposites films for futuristic nanoelectronics applications. Silicon 2024; 16, 2827-2838.

[103] H Ahmed, HM Abduljalil and A Hashim. Analysis of structural, optical and electronic properties of polymeric Nanocomposites/Silicon carbide for humidity sensors. Transactions on Electrical and Electronic Materials 2019; 20, 206-217.

[104] D Hassan and A Hashim. Preparation and studying the structural and optical properties of (Poly-Methyl Methacrylate-Lead Oxide) nanocomposites for bioenvironmental applications. Journal of Bionanoscience 2018; 12(3), 346-349.

[105] Z Sattar and A Hashim. Fabrication and characteristics of PMMA-PEG/SiO₂-SiC quaternary nanocomposites for gamma ray shielding and flexible optoelectronics applications. Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics 2024; 35, 1660.

[106] EA Okoronkwo, PE Imoisili and SOO Olusunle. Extraction and characterization of amorphous silica from Corn Cob Ash by Sol-Gel method. Chemistry and Materials Research 2013; 3(4), 2225-2956.