Trends
Sci.
2025; 22(9): 10416
Synthesis, Characterization, Cyclic Voltammetry (CV), Theoretical Molecular Docking against Breast Cancer and Computational Study to Determine the Energy Gap of a Newly Series of Organotillium Compounds Based on N-(4-Benzoylphenyl)–2–Tellerocyanatoacetamide
Ahmed Mohammed Alsanafi and Nuha Hussain Al-Saadawy*
Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Thi-Qar, Nasiriyah, Thi-Qar 64001, Iraq
(*Corresponding author’s e-mail: [email protected])
Received: 20 April 2025, Revised: 21 May 2025, Accepted: 1 June 2025, Published: 10 July 2025
Abstract
The purposes of the present study, scale up a new series of tellurium compounds based on N-(4-benzoylphenyl)-2-chloroacetamide (4-CAP), Tellurium metal (Te), potassium cyanide (KCN) & dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as a solvent. This reaction is carried out in an inert atmosphere in the argon gas (Ar) is needed to get N-(4-benzoylphenyl)-2-Tellerocyanatoacetamide; beyond this, derivatives are synthesized, and organyl tellurium trihaleds. All synthesized compounds were characterized by (FT-IR), (1H-NMR) & mass spectroscopies. The spectroscopic data were in good agreement with the proposed chemical structures of the synthesized compounds. The cyclic voltammetry of all synthesized and characterized compounds was scanned at 0.1 and 0.3 v/s. To track the number of redox states in each compound, determine the required potential for each reaction, find the potential difference and get the anodic/cathodic current ratio. To generate 3D structures of the newly compounds for molecular docking, Chemdraw software files were converted and used after energy minimization. The files were preoptimized with semiempirical AM1 method using Hyperchem 8.08 software files. The files were optimized using density functional theory (DFT) method with the B3LYP/6-31G basis set which is well proven for describing the most stable conformation and used to calculate global reactivity descriptors through Gaussian 09 also. All of these have some default values before achieving “YES”. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations were used to study the molecular structures of the synthesized organotellurium compounds. The geometry, HOMO, LUMO, and energy gap were generated from calculations of optimized structures. Comparing the HOMO energies, it was possible to study the donor and acceptor properties of the prepared organotillurium compounds. Finally, several important chemical properties such as electronegativity, electrophilicity, ionization potential, and electron affinity were calculated and discussed.
Keywords: Organotllurium, Cyclic voltammetry cyclic voltammetry, Molecular docking, Burst cancer, DFT, HOMO, LUMO
Introduction
Tellurium (Te) possesses remarkable properties that enable its use in a diverse range of applications. It exhibits excellent electrical, optical, and thermal conductivities, along with asymmetry that affects its electrical responses. As a p-type semiconductor with a finite band gap, bulk Te is particularly useful in gas sensors, solar cells, and transistors, thanks to its additional characteristics such as optical conductivity and thermoelectric properties. Furthermore, its strong sensitivity to infrared radiation positions monolayer 2D Te as a promising candidate for various optoelectronic applications [1-4]. Telluriocyanate, a compound containing tellurium and an isocyanate group, has been extensively researched and synthesized in various forms alongside other tellurium compounds. These compounds have unique properties that make them suitable for a wide range of applications. Research has primarily focused on the synthesis of organotellurium compounds, particularly those containing pyrazole derivatives, such as 3,5-dimethyl-1-phenyl-4-tellurocyanate and pentadiene-2,4-dione-3-tellurocyanate. Furthermore, research into tellurium pseudohalides has resulted in the development of compounds such as tellurium tetrazide and tellurium cyanides, thereby improving our understanding of tellurium chemistry. The importance of organotellurium compounds is largely due to their ability to treat infections, which is influenced by their organic structure, covalent nature, and unique properties [5-8]. Tellurium trihalides are compounds formed by the combination of tellurium and three halogen atoms, exhibiting various structural and chemical characteristics depending on the halogens involved. Early studies indicated that aryl tellurium trihalides might act as weak electrolytes in solvents such as DMSO and DMF, with their conductivities analyzed using Foss-Hsieh and Bethe equations. Further research has uncovered a range of tellurium compounds, including pseudo-tellurium halides, which possess unique properties and structures. Notably, researchers from the Department of Chemistry at the University of Thi-Qar have successfully synthesized a variety of telluriocyanate compounds and tellurium trihalides, including [9-nitro-10-tellurocyanato-9-10-dihydroanthracene] and its derivatives with chlorine, bromine, and iodine [9-13]. Density Functional Theory (DFT) is a powerful computational tool widely used in physics and chemistry for determining the electronic structure of atoms and molecules. Its high predictive accuracy allows for calculations that closely align with experimental observations, making it invaluable for research. Advances in computational capabilities have expanded DFT's applicability, enabling collaborative efforts between experimental and computational investigations, particularly in complex systems. Overall, DFT serves as a fundamental theoretical framework in modern computational chemistry, physics, and materials science, playing a crucial role in bridging theory and practical applications [14-17]. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) is a valuable technique for analyzing the current-potential properties of various reactions and materials, particularly in the study of the hydrogen evolution reaction. This method allows for the measurement of exchange current through hydrogen adsorption free energy derived from density functional theory. Additionally, CV is instrumental in investigating the electrochemical deposition of selenium on carbon-supported Pt nanoparticles, providing insights into surface site availability and the structure-function relationship of nanostructured materials. The application of CV extends to the characterization of supercapacitors and the analysis of organic compounds [18], which is crucial for the development of stable organic electronic devices in a rapidly growing field [19-24]. Molecular docking is a key computational method in drug discovery, primarily used to predict interactions between small molecules, or ligands, and target proteins. This technique aids in identifying optimal ligand orientations that lower the free energy of stable complexes, making it crucial for developing targeted cancer therapies. Recent advancements in artificial intelligence, including advanced algorithms, neural networks, and reinforcement learning, have significantly enhanced the efficiency and accuracy of molecular docking predictions. Additionally, molecular docking plays a vital role in virtual screening, allowing scientists to analyze extensive compound libraries and design lead compounds effectively, thereby accelerating the drug discovery process and addressing various health conditions, including cancer [25-30].
Materials and methods
A series of tellurium compounds were prepared based on the N-(4-benzoylphenyl)-2-chloroacetamide (4-CAP), as shown below [31]. As shown in Scheme 1, physical properties shown in Table 1.
Preparation of N-(4-benzoylphenyl)-2-chloroacetamide) CAP(
In a round bottom flask, a solution of (10 mmol, 1.97 g) 4-aminobenzophenone (A.B.P) was dissolved in 10 mL of glacial acetic acid (G.A.A) with continuous stirring at room temperature. A solution of (14 mmol, 0.8 mL) Chloroacetylchloride (C.A.C) was gradually added by an addition funnel with continuous stirring for 30 min at room temperature. Then, 10 mL of 0.5 M sodium acetate (5 mmol, 0.41 g) was added dropwise, a precipitate was observed with each drop with continuous stirring for another 30 min at room temperature. Then, white crystals of N-(4-benzoylphenyl)-2-chloroacetamide (C.A.P) was filtered, washed several times with deionized water, dried and recrystallized using absolute ethanol, the purity was monitored by TLC, Rf value = 0.68 (3-n-hexane: 7-ethyl acetate), melting point 123 - 125 °C, yield 87%. FT-IR using KBr: υ (NH) = 3,350 cm–1 [32], υ (C–H) Aromatic = 3,087 cm–1, υ (C–H) Aliphatic = 2,954 cm-1 ,υ (C=O) Ketone = 1,703 cm–1 [33], υ (C=O) Amide = 1,638 cm–1, υ (C=C) Aromatic = 1,596 cm–1, (C–N) = 1,316 cm–1, (C–Cl) = 728 cm–1. 1H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ H20, H21(4.33ppm, s,2H), Ar-H (7.53 - 781 ppm, m, 9H), H16 (10.71 ppm, s,1H). 13C-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) at ppm C1 = 44.10, C2 = X, C6 = 137.89, C7 = 132.77, C9 = 143.04, C3 = 16571, C4 = 195.01, C5 = 131.67, C11 = 129.88, C8 = 119.11, C10 = 128.95 as shown in Tables 2 - 4 and Figures 1 - 3 and 8.
Scheme 1 Preparing N-(4-benzoylphenyl)-2-tellurocyanatoacetamide CAP-Te-CN and its trihalides derivatives.
Preparation of N-(4-benzoylphenyl)-2-tellurocyanatoacetamide CAP-Te-CN
This
compound was prepared by the same way as for compound CAP-Se-CN
and under the same condition by adding (5.6
mmol,
0.7
g)
of
tellurium Te, a precipitate with a pale-yellow
color was obtained with a Rf values =
0.81
(3-hexane:
7-ethyl
acetate),
melting point (135
- 137
),
and a yield (1.4
g,
63%).
FT-IR
using KBr:
υ
(NH)
= 3,284
cm–1[34],
υ (C–H)
Aromatic
=
3,098
cm–1,
υ (C–H)
Aliphatic
= 2,959
cm-1,
(C
)
= 2,142
cm–1
[35],
υ
(C=O)
Ketone
=
1,677
cm–1,
υ (C=O)
Amide
=
1,655
cm–1,
υ (C=C)
Aromatic
=
1,590
cm–1,
υ (C–N)
= 1,316
cm–1
, υ (C–Te)
= 475
cm–1
[36-39]
1H
NMR (400
MHz, DMSO-d6)
δ
H24
(3.72ppm
,s,1H),
H23
(4.14
ppm,
s, 1H),
Ar-H
(7.51
- 7.95
ppm, m, 9H),
H16
(46
ppm,
11.39
ppm,
d,
1H).
13C
NMR
(400
MHz,
DMSO-d6)
ppm
C1
=
7.69,
C2
=
118.71,
C6,
C7
=
138.01,
C9
=
143.89,
C3
=
172.44,
C4
=
194.68,
C5
=
131.68,
C11
=
132.70,
C8
=
128.94,
C10
= 129.86
as
shown in Tables
2
-
4
and
Figures
1,
2,
4
and
9.
Preparing tri halides
Preparing N-(4-benzoylphenyl)-2-(trichloro-l4-tellaneyl)acetamide CAP-Te- Cl3
In
a
100
mL
beaker,
dissolve
(25
mmol,
1g)
of
N-(4-benzoylphenyl)-2-tellurocyanatoacetamide
CAP-Te-CN
in
(25
mL)
of
chloroform and add (25
mmol
0.18
mL)
of
SOCl2
solution in chloroform with continuous stirring for 2 h and pour
into a Petri-dish
and leave overnight to allow the solvent to evaporate, leaving a
sticky precipitate was treated by re-dissolving
with DMSO and filtering the solution, then pouring it into ice-cold
deionized water, white crystals was formed, washed several times
with deionized water, filtered and drying.
Purity
was monitored by TLC, Rf =
87(3-hexan:7-ethylacetate),
melting point (88
- 90
),
and a yield (37
%). FT-IR
using KBr:
υ
(NH)
= 3,294
cm–1
[40],
υ (C–H)
Aromatic
=
3,056
cm–1,
υ (C–H)
Aliphatic=
2,928
cm-1,
υ (C=O)
Ketone
and υ (C=O)
Amide
=
1,653
Broad cm–1,
υ (C=C)
Aromatic
=
1,597
cm–1,
υ (C–N)
= 1,318
cm–1
, υ (C–Te)
= 514
cm–1
[41].
1H
NMR (400
MHz, DMSO-d6)
δ
H24,
H25
(3.60
ppm,
s, 2H),
Ar-H
(7.52
- 7.78
ppm,
m, 9H),
H16
(10.57
ppm,
s, 1H).
13C
NMR (400
MHz, DMSO-d6)
ppm
C1
= 24.68,
C2
=
X,
C6
=
137.89,
C7
= 132.72,
C9
=
142.83,
C3
=
165.76,
C4
=
195.07,
C5
=
131.66,
C11
=
129.86,
C8
=
119.33,
C10
=
128.93
as shown in Tables
2
-
4
and
Figures
1,
2,
5
and
10.
Preparing N-(4-benzoylphenyl)-2-(tribromo-l4-tellaneyl) acetamide CAP-Te- Br3
This
compound was prepared by the same way as for compound CAP-Te-Cl3
and
under the same condition by adding (25
mmol
0.13
mL)
of
Bromine solution in chloroform white crystals was formed, Rf =
95
(3-hexan:7-ethylacetate),
melting point (76
- 78
),
and a yield (33
%). FT-IR
using KBr:
υ
(NH)
= 3,264
cm–1
[42],
υ (C–H)
Aromatic
=
3,118
cm–1,
υ (C–H)
Aliphatic
= 2,982
cm-1,
υ (C=O)
Ketone
=
1,670
cm–1,
υ (C=O)
Amide
=
1,651
cm–1,
υ (C=C)
Aromatic
=
1,597
cm–1,
υ (C–N)
= 1,311
cm–1
, υ (C–Te)
= 504
cm–1
[41].
1H
NMR (400
MHz, DMSO-d6)
δ
H24,
H25(4.06
ppm,
4.12
ppm,
d, 2H),
Ar-H
(7.53
- 8.01
ppm,
m, 9H),
H16
(10.85
ppm,
s, 1H).
13C
NMR (400
MHz, DMSO-d6)
ppm
C1
= 30.79,
C2
=
X,
C6
=137.87,
C7
= 132.82,
C9
=
143.16,
C3
=
165.92,
C4
=
195.03,
C5
=
131.70,
C11
=
129.90,
C8
=
119.29,
C10
=
128.98
as shown in Tables
2
-
4
and
Figures
1,
2,
6
and
11.
Preparing N-(4-benzoylphenyl)-2-(triiodo-l4-tellaneyl) acetamide CAP-Te- I3
This
compound was prepared by the same way as for compound CAP-Se-CN
and under the same condition by adding
(25
mmol
0.63
g)
of
Iodine solution in chloroform, dark brown crystals was formed, Rf =
83
(3-hexan:7-ethylacetate),
melting point (139
- 141
),
and a yield (33%).
FT-IR
using KBr:
υ
(NH)
= 3,285
cm–1
[40],
υ (C–H)
Aromatic
=
3,053
cm–1,
υ (C–H)
Aliphatic=
2,927
cm–1,
υ (C=O)
Ketone
=
1,654
cm–1,
υ (C=O)
Amide
=
1,637
cm–1,
υ (C=C)
Aromatic
=
1,593
cm–1,
υ (C–N)
= 1,317
cm–1
, υ (C–Te)
= 510
cm–1
[41].
1H
NMR (400
MHz, DMSO-d6)
δ
H24,
H25
(4.11
ppm,
s, 2H),
Ar-H
(7.54
- 7.92
ppm,
m, 9H),
H16
(10.82
ppm, s, 1H).
13C
NMR (400
MHz, DMSO-d6)
ppm
C1
= 30.79,
C2
=
X,
C6
=
137.87,
C7
= 132.82,
C9
=
143.16,
C3
=
165.92,
C4
=
195.03,
C5
=
131.70,
C11
=
129.90,
C8
=
119.29,
C10
=
128.98
as shown in Tables
2
-
4
and
Figures 1,2,7
and
12.
Table 1 physical properties of prepared compounds.
NO |
Compound |
Molecular weight |
color |
Melting
point
|
Yield % |
1 |
ABP |
197.2370 |
White yellowish |
122 - 124 |
- |
2 |
CAP |
273.7160 |
white |
123 - 125 |
87% |
3 |
CAP-Te-CN |
391.8840 |
Yellowish brown |
135 - 137 |
63% |
4 |
CAP-Te-Cl3 |
472.2160 |
white |
88 - 90 |
37% |
5 |
CAP-Te-Br3 |
605.5780 |
dark brown |
76 - 78 |
33% |
6 |
CAP-Te-I3 |
746.5794 |
Dark brown |
139 - 141 |
33% |
Study of electrochemistry
Looking at cyclic voltammetry (CV)
Cyclic voltammetry 1 1mM scans were used to carry out the electrochemical investigation of the synthesized compounds. The solvent of dimethylformamide was characterized using 0.1 M tetra-n-butylammonium perchlorate ((CH3)4N+ClO4−), TBAP, as the supporting electrolyte within the range 0.0 to −2.5 V at room temperature for all compounds. The scans were conducted in the positive direction from +2.0 to −2.5 V at a scan rate of 100 mV/s for the negative scan and 300 mV/s for the positive scan. In the studied range, the cyclic voltammetry measurements of the compounds, which are non-electrochemically reversible, gave multiple redox peaks.
Scheme 2 Schematic representation of the docking procedure, analysis of drugs and reactivity.
Figure 25 The structures of selected compounds.
Molecular docking
Preparing a molecules library
The newly synthesized compounds (A, B, C and D) were characterized and used in the molecular docking process. 3D structures of the compounds (A, B, C and D) were generated by Chemdraw Ultra 12.0 software and then energy minimization was carried out. The structures were pre-optimized with the semi-empirical AM1 method using Hyperchem 8.08 software [43]. Thereafter, the structures were optimized using the B3LYP/6-31G basis set under DFT method that was employed to find the most stable conformation, further used for the calculation of the global reactivity descriptors through Gaussian 09. All values are positive after calculation vibrational frequencies to drugs, those results indicate that the drugs are stable. The optimized structures were combined in one database on MOE software to study the affinity of ligands. Also, (Scheme 2) illustrates the schematic representation of the docking procedure, analysis of drugs, and reactivity.
Receptor preparation
The crystal structures Structure of the N-domain of GRP94 bound to the HSP90 inhibitor PU-H54 (PDB ID: 3O2F) Figure 26. were chosen from the Protein Data Bank. Since the water molecule in the active site of the target enzyme is critical, it was placed in the active sites to ensure making a hydrogen bond between the ligand and the target. Thereafter the protein structure was prepared by fixing the missing bonds that were broken in X-ray diffraction, and then the hydrogen atoms were added. Also very important, PDB is a legitimate source for the crystal structure of biological macromolecules, globally.
Component-target molecular docking
All docking and scoring calculations were performed using the molecular operation environment software (MOE) (Molecular Operating Environment (MOE), 2015). Crystal structure data for the N-domain of GRP94 bound to PU-H54, a specific inhibitor of HSP90, was obtained from the Protein Data Bank with an ID of 3O2F (Figure 26), resolved at 2.50 Å. A resolution between 1.4 and 2.5 Å is rather good for quality in docking studies. It is a common fact that the best RMSD values must be nearly 2 Å with energy ≤ –7 kcal/mol. These two values are common to set for checking the result of molecular docking.
The study evaluated the effectiveness of a method in characterizing the properties of compounds in the gas phase. Quantum calculations were conducted using Density Functional Theory (DFT) at the hybrid B3LYP level, which integrates various exchange correlation methods. The compounds' electronic properties and geometric structures were analyzed with a 3 - 21 G basis set and Gaussian software, while their reactivity and stability were assessed through DFT-based descriptors using specific mathematical equations [43-50].
Results and discussion
FT-IR spectra
The
CAP spectrum was distinguished from the ABP spectrum by the
appearance of the amide carbonyl band at
1,638 cm-1
and the shift of the ketone carbonyl band to 1,703
cm-1.
The
appearance of a band at
728 cm-1
attributed to C-Cl
was also noted, along with the appearance of new bands in CAP in the
aliphatic region at
12,954 cm-1.
The infrared spectrum of CAP-Te-CN
was characterized by the disappearance of the C-Cl
band and the appearance of a band at
2,142 cm-1
attributed to the cyanide group.
a
band appeared at
475 cm-1
attributed to C-Te,
in addition to shifts in the ketone and amide carbonyl bands.
As
for the spectra of CAP-Te-X3
compounds, they were also characterized by the disappearance of the
cyanide band, with the remaining bands of the C-Te
group at
(514,
504, 510)
cm-1,
respectively.
Table 2 FT-IR spectrums of prepared compounds.
|
Compound |
NH |
CH AR |
CH alph |
C |
C=O ketone |
C=O amide |
C=C |
C-N |
C-Te |
C-Cl |
1 |
ABP |
3,338 |
3,079 |
--- |
--- |
1,635 |
--- |
1,589 |
1,316 |
--- |
--- |
2 |
CAP |
3,350 |
3,087 |
2,954 |
--- |
1,703 |
1,638 |
1,596 |
1,316 |
---- |
728 |
3 |
CAP-Te-CN |
3,284 |
3,098 |
2,959 |
2,142 |
1,677 |
1,655 |
1,590 |
1,316 |
475 |
--- |
4 |
CAP-Te-Cl3 |
3,294 |
3,056 |
2,928 |
--- |
1,653 |
- |
1,594 |
1,318 |
514 |
--- |
5 |
CAP-Te-Br3 |
3,264 |
3,118 |
2,982 |
--- |
1,670 |
1,651 |
1,597 |
1,311 |
504 |
--- |
6 |
CAP-Te-I3 |
3,285 |
3,053 |
2,927 |
--- |
1,654 |
1,637 |
1,593 |
1,317 |
510 |
--- |
N
NMR spectra
The 1H-NMR spectra of the prepared compounds (400MHz/ DMSO-d6) showed a set of characteristic signals of substituted proton groups with characteristic shifts and dissociations due to the effect of the relatively large size of the tellurium. The Table 3 below and The Figures 3 - 7 show the structural formulas of the prepared compounds and the 1H NMR signals measured for each compound. the most important structures of the prepared compounds and the most important signals appearing for each compound.
As such as the and 13C NMR of prepared compounds showed signals of carbon atoms at characteristic position The Table 4 below and the Figures 8 - 12 show the structural formulas of the prepared compounds and the 13C NMR signals measured for each compound. The most important structures of the prepared compounds and the most important signals appearing for each compound.
Table 3 1H NMR spectrum of prepared compounds.
Symbol |
Structural formulas |
1H NMR |
CAP |
|
H20, H21(4.33 ppm, s,2H), Ar-H (7.53 - 781 ppm, m, 9H), H16 (10.71 ppm, s,1H). |
CAP-Te-CN |
|
H24 (3.72 ppm, s, 1H), H23 (4.14 ppm, s, 1H), Ar-H (7.51 - 7.95 ppm, m, 9H), H16 (46 ppm, 11.39 ppm, d, 1H). |
CAP-Te-Cl3 |
|
H24, H25 (3.60 ppm, s, 2H), Ar-H (7.52 - 7.78 ppm, m, 9H), H16 (10.57 ppm, s, 1H). |
CAP-Te-Br3 |
|
H24, H25 (4.11 ppm, s, 2H), Ar-H (7.54 - 7.92 ppm, m, 9H), H16 (10.82 ppm, s, 1H). |
CAP-Te-I3 |
|
H25 (3.40 ppm, s,1H), H24 (3.72 ppm, s, 1H), Ar-H (7.51 - 7.75 ppm, m, 9H), H16 (10.93 ppm, s, 1H). |
Table 4 13C NMR spectrum of prepared compounds.
Symbol |
Structural formulas |
13C NMR |
CAP |
|
C1 = 44.10, C2 = X, C6 =137.89, C7 = 132.77, C9 = 143.04, C3 = 16,571, C4= 195.01, C5 = 131.67, C11 = 129.88, C8 = 119.11, C10 = 128.95
|
CAP-Te-CN |
|
C1 = 7.69, C2 = 118.71, C6, C7 = 138.01, C9 = 143.89, C3 = 172.44, C4 = 194.68, C5 = 131.68, C11 = 132.70, C8 = 128.94, C10 = 129.86
|
CAP-Te-Cl3 |
|
C1 = 24.68, C2 = X, C6 = 137.89, C7 = 132.72, C9 = 142.83, C3 = 165.76, C4 = 195.07, C5 = 131.66, C11 = 129.86, C8 = 119.33, C10 = 128.93
|
CAP-Te-Br3 |
|
C1 = 30.79, C2 = X, C6 = 137.87, C7 = 132.82, C9 = 143.16, C3 = 165.92, C4 = 195.03, C5 = 131.70, C11 = 129.90, C8 = 119.29, C10 = 128.98
|
CAP-Te-I3 |
|
C1 = 48.45, C2 = X, C6 = 137.72, C7 = 132.82, C9 = 142.22, C3 = 163.27, C4 = 195.02, C5 = 131.78, C11 = 129.91, C8 = 119.31, C10 = 128.98 |
Mass spectra
The mass spectrum was used to characterize the prepared compounds and confirm their proposed identities by determining their molecular weights and the molecular weights of their ionization fragments. The mass spectrum of the compound CAP showed a set of distinctive peaks. listed below: 273.72 m/z due to [C15H12ClNO2]+molecular ion, 196.23 m/z due to [C13H10NO]•+ base beak, 238.09 m/z due to [ C15H12NO2]•+ , 224.24 m/z due to [C14H10NO2]•+ , 181.21 m/z due to [C13H9O]•+,77.49 mz due to [C2H2ClO]•+, 105.12 m/z due to [C7H5O]•+, 92.50 m/z due to [C2H3ClNO]•+, 168.60 m/z due to [C8H7ClNO]•+, 77.11 m/z due to [C6H5]•+, 196.61 m/z due to [C9H7ClNO2]•+, 162.17 m/z due to [C9H8NO2]•+, 134.16 m/z due to [C8H8NO]•+, 148.14 m/z due to [C8H6NO2]•+, 120.13 m/z due to [C7H6NO]•+, 120.13 m/z due to [C7H6NO]•+, 65.10 m/z due to [C5H5]•+, 53.08 m/z due to [C5H4]•+.See Figure 13 the attached table.
The mass spectrum of the compound CAP-Te-CN showed a set of distinctive peaks. Listed below: 394.00 m/z due to [C16H12N2O2Te]+ molecular ion, 77.11 m/z due to [C6H5]•+base beak, 367.99 m/z due to [C15H12NO2Te]•+, 238.27 m/z due to [C15H12NO2]•+, 155.91 m/z due to [CNTe]•+, 224.24 m/z due to [C14H10NO2]•+, 169.92 m/z due to [C2H2NTe]•+, 196.23m/z due to [C13H10NO]•+, 197.92 m/z due to [C3H2NOTe]•+, 181.21m/z due to [C13H9O]•+, 212.93 m/z due to [C3H3N2OTe]•+, 288.96 m/z due to [C9H7N2OTe]•+, 105.12 m/z due to [C7H5O]•+, 316.96 m/z due to [C10H7N2O2Te]•+, 65.10 m/z due to [C5H5]•+, 53.08 m/z due to [C4H5]•+, 162.17 m/z due to [C9H8NO2]•+, 291.96 m/z due to [C9H8NO2Te]•+, 148.14 m/z due to [C8H6NO2]•+, 120.13 m/z due to [C7H6NO]•+, 264.97 m/z due to [C8H9NOTe]•+, 134.16 m/z due to [C8H8NO]•+, 120.13 m/z due to [C7H6NO]•+, 92.12 m/z due to [C6H6N]•+, 172.92 m/z due to [C2H3OTe]•+, 187.94m/z due to [C2H4NOTe]•+, 144.93 /z due to [CH3Te]•+, 130.91 /z due to [HTe]•+. See Figure 14 the attached table.
The mass spectrum of the compound CAP-Te-Cl3 showed a set of distinctive peaks. listed below:472.90 m/z due to [C15H12Cl3NO2Te]+ molecular ion, 77.11 m/z due to [C6H5]•+ base beak, 291.83 m/z due to [C2H3Cl3NOTe]•+, 181.21 m/z due to [C13H9O]•+, 276.82 m/z due to [C2H2Cl3OTe]•+, 361.90 m/z due to [C9H8Cl2NO2Te]•+, 332.66 m/z due to [C8H8Cl2NOTe]•+, 105.12 m/z due to [C7H5O]•+, 256.56 m/z due to [C2H4Cl2NOTe]•+,241.54 m/z due to [C2H3Cl2OTe]•+, 196.23 m/z due to [C13H10NO]•+, 224.24 m/z due to [C14H10NO2]•+, 199.51 m/z due to [Cl2HTe]•+, 221.90 m/z due to [C2H3ClNOTe]•+, 164.88 m/z due to [ClTe]•+. See Figure 15 the attached table.
The mass spectrum of the compound CAP-Te-Br3 showed a set of distinctive peaks. Listed below:605.58 m/z due to [C15H12Br3NO2Te]+molecular ion, 3.18 m/z due to [CH2Br2NTe]•+ 500.46 m/z due to [C8H7Br3NOTe] •+, 105.12 m/z due to [C7H5O]•+, 181.21 m/z due to [C13H9O] •+, 409.35 m/z due to [C2H2Br3OTe]•+, 196.08 m/z due to [C13H10NO]•+, 380.68 m/z due to [CH2Br3Te]•+, 366.66 m/z due to [Br3Te] •+, 449.58 m/z due to [C9H8Br2NO2Te] •+, 77.04 m/z due to [C6H5] •+, 345.47 m/z due to [C2H4Br2NOTe]•+, 302.44 m/z due to [CH3Br2Te]•+, 445.77 m/z due to [C15H12BrNO2Te] •+, 341.88 m/z due to [C8H7BrNOTe] •+, 265.85m/z due to [C2H3BrNOTe] •+, 249.54 m/z due to [C2H2BrOTe]•+, 222.84 m/z due to [CH2BrTe]•+, 208.82 m/z due to [BrTe]•+, 130.91 m/z due to [HTe]•+. See Figure 16 the attached table.
The mass spectrum of the compound CAP-Te-I3 showed a set of distinctive peaks. listed below:746.58 m/z due to [C15H12I3NO2Te]+ molecular ion, 254.50 m/z due to [ITe]•+ base peak, 510.62 m/z due to [I3Te]•+, 441.74 m/z due to [C2H4I2NOTe]•+,181.21 m/z due to [C13H9O]•+, 424.45 m/z due to [C2H3I2OTe]•+, 196.23 m/z due to [C13H10NO]•+, 224.24 m/z due to [C14H10NO2]•+, 382.42 m/z due to [HI2Te]•+, 387.65 m/z due to [C8H7INOTe]•+, 105.12 m/z due to [C7H5O]•+, 298.82 m/z due to [C2H2IOTe]•+, 268.53 m/z due to [CH2ITe]•+. See Figure 17 the attached table.
Results of cyclic voltammetry (CV)
The compound CAP showed 2 reduction peaks at –1.25 and –1.7 mV and 1 oxidation peak at 1.84 mV. The compound CAP-Te-CN showed 3 reduction peaks at –0.99, –1.35, and –1.55 mV and 3 oxidation peaks at –0.14, –1.44, and 0.83 mV. CAP-Te-Br3 showed 4 reduction peaks at –1.19, –1.48, –1.78, and 0.49 mV and 3 oxidation peaks at –1.72, 0.19, and 1.01 mV. The compound CAP-Te-Cl3 showed 3 reduction peaks at –0.7, –1.03, and –1.82 mV and 3 oxidation peaks at –1.06, –0.11, and 1.51 mV, whereas the compound CAP-Te-I3 showed 3 reduction peaks at –0.94, –1.41, and –1.63 mV and 3 oxidation peaks at 1.21, 1.53, and 0.65 mV.
Table 5 Cyclic voltammetry measurements.
Compound |
Epc |
Ipc |
FIpc |
Epa |
Ipa |
FIpa |
|
E |
Ipa/Ipc |
CAP |
–1.25 |
17.65 |
55.85 |
-- |
-- |
-- |
3.18 |
–0.11 |
1.22 |
–1.70 |
25.88 |
81.89 |
-- |
-- |
-- |
||||
-- |
-- |
-- |
1.48 |
31.58 |
57.65 |
||||
CAP-Te-Br3
|
–1.19 |
–27.62 |
87.40 |
–1.72 |
–6.02 |
10.99 |
2.79 |
–0.385 |
0.35 |
–39.91 |
126.29 |
-0.19 |
5.39 |
9.84 |
|||||
–1.78 |
–51.69 |
163.57 |
-- |
-- |
-- |
||||
–11.67 |
36.93 |
1.01 |
18.41 |
33.61 |
|||||
CAP-Te-Cl3
|
–11.71 |
37.05 |
–1.06 |
1.66 |
3.03 |
3.33 |
–0.155 |
1.02 |
|
–16.57 |
52.43 |
7.81 |
14.25 |
||||||
–38.79 |
122.75 |
-- |
-- |
-- |
|||||
-- |
-- |
-- |
1.51 |
39.61 |
72.32 |
||||
CAP-Te-CN |
–0.99 |
–22.58 |
71.45 |
–1.13 |
3.10 |
5.66 |
2.87 |
–0.425 |
0.48 |
–73.39 |
232.24 |
–0.14 |
17.86 |
32.60 |
|||||
–1.86 |
–79.85 |
252.68 |
-- |
-- |
-- |
||||
–5.36 |
16.96 |
1.01 |
38.89 |
71.00 |
|||||
CAP-Te-I3
|
–0.94 |
19.37 |
61.29 |
10.21 |
6.99 |
12.76 |
2.66 1.17 |
–0.17 0.135
|
1.58 1.97 |
–1.41 |
21.93 |
69.39 |
-- |
-- |
-- |
||||
37.12 |
117.46 |
-- |
-- |
-- |
|||||
-- |
-- |
-- |
1.53 |
47.74 |
87.16 |
||||
-- |
-- |
-- |
0.65 |
10.88 |
19.86 |
The compound showed the lowest reduction potential at –1.86 mV; therefore, it has the lowest electron density, and hence it will require the minimum potential to achieve electron gain. The compound CAP-TeBr3 has shown the lowest oxidation potential at –1.72; hence, with an increase in electron density, electron loss will be made easy. While the energy difference values show the stability of the intermediate state during the chemical reaction, the compound CAP-Te-Cl₃ proved to have the highest degree of electrochemical stability, amounting to ∆E = 3.33, while the least electrochemically stable intermediate state was observed in the compound CAP-Te-I₃, having ∆E = 2.66. See more in Table 5 and Figures 18 - 24.
Results of molecular docking
Molecular docking is the key tool of the drug discovery pipeline. The present study made all molecular docking calculations on MOE software to predict the binding mode of the prepared compounds (A, B, C and D) with the protein N-domain of GRP94 bound to the HSP90 inhibitor PU-H54 (3O2F). The binding affinities and features of the investigated compounds (A, B, C and D) towards 4XEM are listed in Tables 6 and 7 shows the best binding poses of compounds (A, B, C and D) against target proteins.
The figures and tables below show the 2D and 3D representations of interactions of the examined compounds with the important amino acid residues of 3O2F protein. Compounds (A, B, C, and D) have demonstrated good binding affinity values with the protein (PDB ID: 3O2F) as elaborated in Tables 6 and 8. The binding and mode of interactions of the compound (A, B, C and D) with (PDB ID: 3O2F) protein is shown in 2D and 3D figures. From the interactions, it has been showed that primarily there are different types of interactions (hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions). Interactions were further examined for bond lengths and hydrogen bonds in the active site and were illustrated in the last figures. Results from these figures indicated that compounds (A, B, C and D) form interactions with three different amino acid residues: One as an H-donor, another as an H-acceptor, and the other as H-pi; one more H-acceptor and pi-H, with water and amino acids. The distance and energy binding of interaction are listed in Tables 6 and 8.
Molecular docking analysis results
The molecular docking analysis of compounds A1 to D3 revealed important insights regarding their binding affinities, modes of interaction, and binding stability with the target protein. Among all tested ligands, compound D1 demonstrated the highest binding affinity with a score of –7.68717 kcal/mol, followed closely by D2 (–7.42544 kcal/mol) and A1 (–7.31744 kcal/mol). These negative values reflect stronger and more favorable binding interactions.
Additionally, Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) values, which indicate the stability and reliability of the binding pose, were acceptable across most compounds. Notably, D2 exhibited the lowest RMSD (1.070012 Å), suggesting a stable and well-fitted docking conformation. In contrast, compounds like B1 and D3 had slightly higher RMSD values (2.91 Å and 2.53 Å, respectively), which may indicate greater flexibility or less optimal fitting in the binding pocket. Several types of interactions contributed to binding stabilization, including hydrogen bonds (H-donor and H-acceptor), pi-H stacking, ionic interactions, and pi-pi interactions. For instance: Compound C1 displayed a particularly strong hydrogen bond with GLU 158, with an interaction energy of –15.3 kcal/mol, highlighting a significant electrostatic attraction. Compound A3 formed multiple interactions (H-donor, H-acceptor, and ionic) with residues MET 154, ASP 110, HOH 441, and LYS 114, supporting a multivalent binding profile. D1 and D2 formed combined interactions such as H-acceptor, H-donor, and pi-pi stacking with critical residues like ASN 162, GLU 158, MET 154, and PHE 195, strengthening their docking scores. These interactions not only help stabilize the ligand within the binding pocket but also suggest that these compounds could exhibit effective bioactivity in a biological context. Moreover, recurring interaction with key residues such as ASN 107, ASP 110, and GLY 153 across several ligands implies the importance of these residues in anchoring small molecules.
In summary, the docking results highlight D1 as the most promising candidate, considering both its binding affinity and interaction profile. However, compounds A1, D2, and C1 also exhibited strong potentials and may warrant further in vitro or in silico validation. The diversity of interactions (e.g., hydrogen bonds and pi-stacking) across ligands suggests that rational design strategies may further optimize these scaffolds for enhanced affinity and selectivity
Computational analysis
Through the mathematical relations as in the Eqs. (1) - (4).
The text discusses key concepts in chemical potential and reactivity, including μ (chemical potential), η (chemical hardness), S (chemical softness), and ω (electrophilicity). These global quantities are derived from the total electron energy (E), the number of electrons (N), and the external potential (V(r→)). The calculations for these properties utilize two approaches, with the first being a finite difference approximation that assesses changes in total electronic energy when electrons are added or removed from a neutral molecule. Additionally, the differences in the energies of the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) are foundational to Koopman's theory, which underpins the understanding of molecular reactivity [47,50,51]. Global quantities that are derivable from Eqs. (5) - (6) are approximated using finite differences.
The equilibrium geometries for all CT (charge-transfer) complex compounds in the gaseous phase were carefully tuned at theory (DFT) [49] using the functional of a (B3LYP,) in (G09W) and the basis standard established (3-21G) see Tables 11 -13. The energies of (HOMO) High Occupied Molecular Orbital and (LUMO) Low Unoccupied Molecular Orbital are the states of electrons, defining certain regions where atomic and molecular orbitals combine linearly, leading to the existence of electrons with quantized energy. The relationship between the energy band gap (Eg) Eq. (7) and the difference in (LUMO) and (HOMO) [52]. The property of the Eg is essential in solids because it makes material prediction possible, if it is an insulator, semiconductor, or conductor. It depicts the difference in energy between the higher full energy level and the lower level of virtual energy [53]. See Table 11.
Electronegativity and electrophilicity
The molecule’s ability to take up electrons is measured by chemical electrophilicity, which is determined by chemical electrophilicity, which is dependent on chemical hardness and chemical potential, where hardness is resistance to deformation and change. On the other hand, electronegativity measures an atom's capacity to attract an electron density (a shared pair of electrons) towards itself. Calculating electrophilicity and electronegativity can be done using relationships in Eqs. (8) - (9). [47,48]; see Table 12.
Ionization potential and electron affinity
Measurement of the bond’s strength is done via the ionization potential among an atom and an electron. It possesses the same amount of energy as what is needed to expel one electron from a neutral atom the gap phase. When an atom takes an electron, energy is released, which is referred to as having “electron affinity”. It is the necessary energy to remove electron from a negatively charged ion. This is consistent with Koopman’s theory [45], as seen in Eqs. (10) - (11) and Table 13.
HSAB Principle (Acid Base Hardness Softness)
When utilized as acids and bases in chemistry, this principle describes how atoms or molecules behave. First, it must be shown that soft and hard acids are acceptors, whereas hard and soft bases are donors. Eqs. (12) and (13) are used to show both hardness and softness [54-57].
Table 6 The binding affinity and rmsd result of 3O2f protein from docking process.
Compounds |
mseq |
Binding affinity |
Rmsd(Å) |
E_conf |
E_place |
E_score1 |
E_refine |
E_score2 |
A1 |
1 |
–7.31744 |
2.416457 |
–76.9436 |
–66.1698 |
–10.3304 |
–41.0143 |
–7.31744 |
A2 |
1 |
–6.31382 |
1.18306 |
–58.4218 |
–54.4347 |
–10.1763 |
–27.3708 |
–6.31382 |
A3 |
1 |
–6.00138 |
1.788493 |
–47.6585 |
–64.6519 |
–9.87096 |
263.6569 |
19.00138 |
B1 |
2 |
–6.91145 |
2.915595 |
–84.2466 |
–74.1589 |
–9.96447 |
–39.32 |
–6.91145 |
B2 |
2 |
–6.12775 |
1.932813 |
–66.8673 |
–55.2534 |
–9.80327 |
–27.5167 |
–6.12775 |
B3 |
2 |
–5.31393 |
1.059629 |
–62.7339 |
–77.2809 |
–9.97388 |
–4.59295 |
–5.31393 |
C1 |
3 |
–6.90572 |
1.196662 |
–43.4447 |
–65.6351 |
–9.87692 |
–37.5196 |
–6.90572 |
C2 |
3 |
–6.89822 |
2.222129 |
–41.552 |
–81.6302 |
–9.45598 |
–36.7182 |
–6.89822 |
C3 |
3 |
–6.6666 |
1.765592 |
–41.2078 |
–66.2424 |
–9.31246 |
–37.292 |
–6.6666 |
D1 |
4 |
–7.68717 |
2.019911 |
–66.9421 |
–81.3093 |
–10.299 |
–44.5309 |
–7.68717 |
D2 |
4 |
–7.42544 |
1.070012 |
–60.0649 |
–68.9911 |
–11.089 |
–28.3692 |
–7.42544 |
D3 |
4 |
–6.88729 |
2.539685 |
–61.8727 |
–74.4985 |
–10.2554 |
–33.7197 |
–6.88729 |
Table 7 The compound’s smiles.
Compounds |
Smile |
A1 |
[Te](Br)(Br)(Br)#CC(=O)Nc1ccc(C(=O)c2ccccc2)cc1 |
A2 |
[Te](Br)(Br)(Br)#CC(=O)Nc1ccc(C(=O)c2ccccc2)cc1 |
A3 |
[Te](Br)(Br)(Br)#CC(=O)Nc1ccc(C(=O)c2ccccc2)cc1 |
B1 |
[Te](Cl)(Cl)(Cl)#CC(=O)Nc1ccc(C(=O)c2ccccc2)cc1 |
B2 |
[Te](Cl)(Cl)(Cl)#CC(=O)Nc1ccc(C(=O)c2ccccc2)cc1 |
B3 |
[Te](Cl)(Cl)(Cl)#CC(=O)Nc1ccc(C(=O)c2ccccc2)cc1 |
C1 |
[Te](C#N)CC(=O)Nc1ccc(C(=O)c2ccccc2)cc1 |
C2 |
[Te](C#N)CC(=O)Nc1ccc(C(=O)c2ccccc2)cc1 |
C3 |
[Te](C#N)CC(=O)Nc1ccc(C(=O)c2ccccc2)cc1 |
D1 |
I[Te](I)(I)#CC(=O)Nc1ccc(C(=O)c2ccccc2)cc1 |
D2 |
I[Te](I)(I)#CC(=O)Nc1ccc(C(=O)c2ccccc2)cc1 |
D3 |
I[Te](I)(I)#CC(=O)Nc1ccc(C(=O)c2ccccc2)cc1 |
Table 8 Details of the best poses of protein 3O2F
Compound |
Binding Affinity Kcal/mol |
Rmsd (Å) |
Atom of compound |
Atom of Receptor |
Involved receptor residues |
Type of interaction bond |
Distance (Å) |
E (kcal/mol) |
A1 |
–7.31744 |
2.41645 |
BR 30 |
ND2 |
ASN 107 |
(A) H-acceptor |
3.46 |
–0.7 |
A2 |
–6.31382 |
1.18306 |
6-ring |
CD |
LYS 114 |
(A) pi-H |
4.38 |
–0.6 |
A3 |
–6.00138 |
1.78849 |
N 24 BR 30 O 13 C 28 |
SD OD2 O NZ |
MET 154 ASP 110 HOH 441 LYS 114 |
(A) H-donor (A) H-donor (A) H-acceptor (A) ionic |
3.84 2.70 2.79 3.97 |
–1.2 –3.0 –1.5 –0.6 |
B1 |
–6.91145 |
2.91559 |
CL 30 |
ND2 |
ASN 107 |
(A) H-acceptor |
3.48 |
–0.7 |
B2 |
–6.12775 |
1.93281 |
CL 32 |
O |
HOH 441 |
(A) H-acceptor |
2.58 |
–0.5 |
B3 |
–5.31393 |
1.05962 |
CL 30 CL 31 |
O O |
GLY 153 HOH 362 |
(A) H-donor (A) H-acceptor |
3.11 2.52 |
–1.2 –0.2 |
C1 |
–6.90572 |
1.19666 |
TE 31 TE 31 N 33 |
O OE1 NZ |
GL 153 GLU 158 LYS 114 |
(A) H-donor (A) H-donor (A) H-acceptor |
3.43 3.41 3.01 |
–3.8 –15.3 –7.5 |
C2 |
–6.89822 |
2.22212 |
TE 31 O 13 N 33 |
OD2 ND2 NZ |
ASP 110 ASN 107 LYS 114 |
(A) H-donor (A) H-acceptor (A) H-acceptor |
4.40 2.92 3.28 |
–0.6 –3.0 –1.7 |
C3 |
–6.6666 |
1.76559 |
TE 31 N 33 6-ring |
O NZ CA |
GLY 153 LYS 114 PHE 199 |
(A) H-donor (A) H-acceptor (A) pi-H |
3.72 3.34 4.24 |
–2.9 –1.9 –0.6 |
D1 |
–7.68717 |
2.01991 |
I 32 TE 29 |
ND2 OE1 |
ASN 162 GLU 158 |
(A) H-acceptor (A) ionic |
4.15 3.34 |
–0.6 –2.6 |
D2 |
–7.42544 |
1.07001 |
I 32 6-ring |
O CE |
PHE 195 MET 154 |
(A) H-donor (A) pi-H |
3.52 4.22 |
–2.8 –0.6 |
D3 |
–6.88729 |
2.53968 |
I 31 6-ring |
ND2 6-ring |
ASN 107 PHE 195 |
(A) H-acceptor (A) pi-pi |
3.44 3.86 |
–0.8
|
Table 11 Shows the shows the electronic state of organochalcanids compounds.
Compound |
HOMO ev |
LUMO ev |
|
CAP |
–6.368462 |
–2.269941 |
4.098521 |
CAP-Te-CN |
–5.29852 |
–2.200825 |
3.097695 |
CAP-Te-Cl3 |
–1.65851 |
–1.101773 |
0.556737 |
CAP-Te-Br3 |
–1.39048 |
–0.842724 |
0.547756 |
CAP-Te-I3 |
–1.86177 |
–1.352114 |
0.509656 |
Computational study of organoselenium compounds and their derivatives
The Computational study of Tullerocyanates and their trihalide derivatives CAP-Te-CN, (CAP-Te-X3) where (X= Cl, Br, I) Also the same computational analyses are applied on of reduction compounds. In the present study, a comparison of the HOMO energies for Reduction and nonreduction of compounds and their derivatives, is presented in Table 11 to find out that the HOMO energy of CAP-Te-Br3 compound is greater than others compounds. This is due to the strength and stability of CAP-Te-Br3. A general rule of thumb is that the greater the HOMO-LUMO gap, the compound more stable. In addition to the HOMO representing electron donors, its energy is attached to three atoms of Br bonded to the Tellurium atom. Whereas the lowest in HOMO energy was compound CAP. In LUMO energy is as follows: CAP-Te-Br3 > of others. As a result, can help predict where addition to pi ligands will occur [58,59]. As shown in Tables 11, 12 and 13.
In Table 12, the electronegativity of CAP-Te-Br3 was larger than the electronegativity of the others. It is clear that compound CAP-Se-Cl3 is the most reactive while compound CAP is the least reactive of all. The electronegativity (χ) is a measure of the attraction of an atom for electrons in a covalent bond; thus, compound CAP-Te-Br3 it does exhibit high charge flow. Also, the obtained results show that compound CAP-Te-Br3 is strongly electrophilic, while compound CAP is nucleophilic. The CAP-Te-I3 compound was the larger Electrophilicity, whereas CAP-Te-Br3 has the least electrophilicity among all prepared compounds for the same reason above [60-62].
Table 12 Electronegativity and electrophilicity of compounds.
Compound |
Electronegativity X (eV) |
Electrophilicity W (eV) |
CAP |
-4.3192015 |
4.551764 |
CAP-Te-CN |
-3.74967 |
4.538866 |
CAP-Te-Cl3 |
-1.3801415 |
3.4213471 |
CAP-Te-Br3 |
-1.116602 |
2.2761960 |
CAP-Te-I3 |
-1.606942 |
5.0666775 |
According to Table 13, the Compounds can be classified as donors or acceptors through a comparison between them. The hardness of CAP is greater than the hardness of the others compounds hence CAP will behave as a hard base. The softness of CAP-Te-I3 was greater than of the others compounds, indicating that CAP-Te-I3 will behave as a soft base [61,63].
Table 13 Ionization potential, electron affinity, softness, and hardness for organochalconids.
Compound |
Ionization potential (I.P)(eV) |
Electron affinity (E.A)(eV) |
Hardness(η) |
Softness(𝜹) |
CAP |
6.368462 |
2.269941 |
2.049260 |
0.24399045 |
CAP-Te-CN |
5.29852 |
2.200825 |
1.548847 |
0.3228206 |
CAP-Te-Cl3 |
1.65851 |
1.101773 |
0.278368 |
1.7961802 |
CAP-Te-Br3 |
1.39048 |
0.842724 |
0.273878 |
1.8256303 |
CAP-Te-I3 |
1.86177 |
1.352114 |
0.254828 |
1.9621077 |
Conclusions
This study presents straightforward methods for synthesizing new organotellurium compounds, achieving yields between 33 and 87%. The characterization of these compounds was confirmed through Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and single-hydrogen NMR, aligning with previous research findings. Cyclic voltammetry revealed that the reactions were irreversible, with varying redox potentials indicating differences in reaction stability and intermediate behavior. Additionally, molecular docking studies suggest the compounds have potential as anticancer agents, with density functional theory (DFT) employed to optimize their geometry and electronic properties, demonstrating high stability and effective interactions within the donor-acceptor systems.
Acknowledgements
I would like to extend my thanks and gratitude to all the faculty members in the Chemistry Department / College of Science / University of Thi Qar.
Declaration
of Generative AI in Scientific Writing
The authors confirm the use of generative AI tools, such as
QuillBot and OpenAI’s ChatGPT, during the preparation of this
manuscript. These tools were employed solely for language editing
and grammar correction and were not used for content generation or
data interpretation. The authors assume full responsibility for the
accuracy, integrity, and conclusions presented in this work.
CRediT Author Statement
Ahmed Mohammed AlSanafi: contributed to the conceptualization, methodology, investigation, formal analysis, and writing of the original draft.
Nuha Hussain Al-Saadawy: assisted in validation, data curation, computational studies, and writing—review and editing. Specifically, Ahmed Mohammed AlSanafi performed the synthesis, characterization, and cyclic voltammetry (CV) experiments, while Nuha Hussain Al-Saadawy conducted the theoretical molecular docking against breast cancer and computational studies to determine the energy gap and reviewed and approved the final manuscript.
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